African leaders adopted the Protocol to the Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community Relating to Free Movement of Persons, Right of Residence and Right of Establishment in 2018 to demonstrate the imperative of the free movement of persons for continental integration, particularly for the effective implementation of the AfCFTA. However, as of July 2022, the Protocol has only been ratified by four countries: – Rwanda, Niger, Sao Tome and Principe, and Mali – far below the 15-ratification threshold required for it to come into force.
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